INDIAN CONSTITUTION

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

 Definition 

Laws of inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights. 

Right to Equality

Equality before law. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion,race,caste,sex or place of birth. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. Abolition of Untouchability Abolition of titles. Right to Freedom Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. Protection in respect of conviction for offences. Protection of life and personal liberty. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. 

Right against Exploitation 

Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. Right to Freedom of Religion Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. Freedom to manage religious affairs Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion. Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain education institutions Cultural and Educational Rights Protection of interests of minorities. Right of inorities to establish and administer educational institutions Saving of Certain Laws Savings of laws providing for acquisition of estates,etc. Validation of certain Acts and Regulations Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles Right to Constitutional Remedies Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part. Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc. Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area. Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.    

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

It shall be the duty of every citizens of India

(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions,the National Flag and the National Anthem;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities;to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures;
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.
 

CITIZENSHIP

Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution. At the commencement of this Constitution, every person who has his domicile in the territory of India and- (a) who was born in the territory of India; or (b) either of whose parents was born in the territory of India; or (c) who has been ordinarily resident in the territory of India for not less than five years immediately preceding such commencement,shall be a citizen of India. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan Notwithstanding anything in article 5, a person who has migrated to the territory of India from the territory now included in Pakistan shall be deemed to be a citizen of India at the commencement of this Constitution if-
(a) he/she or either of his/her parents or any of his grand-parents was born in India as defined in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as originally enacted); and (b) (i) in the case where such person has so migrated before the nineteenth day of July, 1948, he has been ordinarily resident in the territory of India since the date of his migration, or (ii) in the case where such person has so migrated on or after the nineteenth day of July, 1948, he/she has been registered as a citizen of India by an officer appointed in that behalf by the Government of the Dominion of India on an application made by him therefor to such officer before the commencement of this Constitution in the form and manner prescribed by that Government: Provided that no person shall be so registered unless he has been resident in the territory of India for at least six months immediately preceding the date of his application.

Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India. Notwithstanding anything in article 5, any person who or either of whose parents or any of whose grand-parents was born in India as defined in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as originally enacted), and who is ordinarily residing in any country outside India as so defined shall be deemed to be a citizen of India if he has been registered as a citizen of India by the diplomatic or consular representative of India in the country where he is for the time being residing on an application made by him therefor to such diplomatic or consular representative, whether before or after the commencement of this Constitution, in the form and manner prescribed by the Government of the Dominion of India or the Government of India.

Citizenship  

Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens. No person shall be a citizen of India by virtue of article 5, or be deemed to be a citizen of India by virtue of article 6 or article 8, if he has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of any foreign State.

Continuance of the rights of citizenship

 Every person who is or is deemed to be a citizen of India under any of the foregoing provisions of this Part shall, subject to the provisions of any law that may be made by Parliament, continue to be such citizen. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law. Nothing in the foregoing provisions of this Part shall derogate from the power of Parliament to make any provision with respect to the acquisition and termination of citizenship and all other matters relating to citizenship.

Amendment Of The Constitution 

Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefore. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may in exercise of its constituent power amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any provision of this Constitution in accordance with the procedure laid down in this article. An amendment of this Constitution may be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill for the purpose in either House of Parliament, and when the Bill is passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting,  it, shall be presented to the President who shall give his assent to the Bill.

Application of the principles contained in this Part. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State. Equal justice and free legal aid Organisation of village panchayats. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief. Living wage, etc., for workers. Participation of workers in management of industries. Uniform civil code for the citizens. Provision for free and compulsory education for children. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections.